A brittle material used to make windows

Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей

UNIT 5.BUILDING MATERIALS | 109

Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The use of building materials is typically segmented into specific trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work.

Building materials can be categorized into two sources, natural and synthetic. Natural building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry (lumber or glass). Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after human manipulations (plastics and paints).

Rock is the longest lasting building material available. It is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too. Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together, cement being the most commonplace now. Wood is a product of trees and sometimes other fibrous plants used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards or planks. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically.

A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale. Clay bricks are formed in a mould, or in commercial

manufacture more frequently by extruding clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper size. Bricks have been used as a building material since the 1700s. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood, and cheap to produce. Cinder blocks replaced clay bricks in the late 20th century. They are made mostly with concrete.

Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. This is the material referred to by the term concrete. For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a low tensile strength, it is strengthened using steel rods or bars. This strengthened concrete is called reinforced concrete. Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if treated well lasts a

Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass which is very brittle is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates in a very hot fire stove called a kiln. Additives are very often added to the mixture when making to produce glass with different colours or characteristics.

The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic polymerization products. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.

More recently synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used on a limited scale. It is light weight, easily shaped and

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TEXT 1

MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS

Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.Natural building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. Extracted or synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum based paints. Both have their uses.

Natural materials are generally used as they are found, except for being cleaned, cut, or processed in a simple way that does not use much energy. Natural materials include stone and biological materials.Mud, stone, and fibrous plants are the most basic building materials, aside from tents made of flexible materials such as cloth or skins. People all over the world have used these three materials together to create homes to suit their local weather conditions. In general stone is used as basic structural components in the buildings, while mud is used to fill in the space between, acting as a type of concrete and insulation.

Thereare two types of building stone—crushed stone and dimension stone.Stone structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available.Biological materials are substances that develop as part of a plant or animal. Common plantmaterials include wood and various fibers such as cotton. Animal materials include leather and fibers suchas wool.Wood is a valuable biological material because of its strength, toughness, and low density. Theseproperties make wood an excellent material for thousands of products, including houses, sailboats,furniture, baseball bats, and railroad ties.

Extracted materials are created through processes that expend a great deal of energy or alter themicrostructure of the substances used to make the materials. Extracted materials include ceramics, metalsand their alloys, plastics, rubber, and composite materials.

Ceramics include such everyday materials as brick, cement, glass, and porcelain. These materials aremade from mineral compounds called silicates, including clay, feldspar, silica, and talc.People have used such metals as copper, gold, iron, and silver for thousands of years to make variouspractical and decorative objects. Today, metals are important in all aspects of construction andmanufacturing.Plastics are synthetic materials made up primarily of long chains of molecules called polymers.

There are two basic types of plastics: (1) thermosetting plastics (usual called thermosets) and (2)thermoplastics.Rubber is made up of elastomers, polymers that stretch easily to several times their length and thenreturn to their original shape.Engineers may artificially combine various materials to create a new composite material. Manycomposite materials contain a large amount of one substance to which fibers, flakes, or layers of anothersubstance are added.

Task 1.Complete the sentences.

Task 2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

Task 3.Choose the right word or word-combination:

Task 4. Answer the questions:

1.What is building material?

5.How are extracted materials created?

Task 5.Find the part of the text where it is said about natural materials. Translate it in writing.

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MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Part I

1. Do you know the following materials? Match the materials to their definitions below:

What can be made of these materials?

Which material is the best for dishes?

Which is the best material for the following objects and why?

a folk, a football, a window, a bicycle, a plate

(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 5, pg.6, ex.1)

3. Read the information in the table below and put each heading into the correct column (A, B, or C). What is the order of materials in column “A”?

(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 5, pg.6, ex.2)

4. Read the information in the table from ex.3 again and find out which material (1-10) is best for:

(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 5, pg.6, ex.3)

Study the table in exercise 3 again and complete the following table.

Match the properties from the table (1-6) with their opposites below. Use your glossary or dictionary to help you.

(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 5, pg.6, ex.4)

Find as many materials in the following line as you can (11 words).

Answer the following questions.

Which material… (or which materials…):

— is/are easy to shape

— conducts electricity well

— is/are found in people and fruits?

— can be mixed with water?

— can carry coded messages?

— is/are used in jewelry?

— is/are used in beer (or juice) production?

— is/are used a lot on a building site?

— is/are used in city advertising process

— is/are used in manufacturing of cars, buses, airplanes, etc?

— is/are widely used in cooking process?

— is/are used in industry to cut hard materials?

Look at the following materials and complete the table.

What is the best material for the following things and why?

Fill in the gaps in the following sentences (1 – 12) with suitable words from the module.

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тексты переводы. Building materials

Building materials
( 1600 печ. зн. )
Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together.

The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.

Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to work. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays.

Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. It is characteristic of many properties. They are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation and fire-resistance.

Bricks were known many thousands of years ago. They are examples of artificial building materials.

Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water.

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labor.

Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties. It is no wonder that architects and engineers have turned to them to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

Natural building materials are stone, sand, lime and timber. Cement, clay products and concrete are examples of artificial building materials.

Timber
( 1000 печ. зн. )
Timber is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel timber is lighter, cheaper, easier to work and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, timber has certain disadvantages. First, it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. In building timber is used too.

Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. Hardwoods are chiefly used for decorative purposes, as for paneling, veneering in furniture and some of them are selected for structural use because of their high strength and durability. In modern construction timber is often used for window and door frames, flooring, fences and gates, wall plates, for temporary buildings and unpainted internal woodwork.

Timber cannot be used for either carpenters’ or joiners’ work immediately it has been felled because of the large amount of sap which it contains. Elimination of this moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of timber.

Stone
( 1100 печ. зн. )
Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days.

Almost all famous buildings of classic times, of the medieval and

Renaissance periods and of the 18 th and early 19 th centuries were erected of stone masonry. In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber but in other places stone was preferred because of its durability.

Steel. There are different kinds of steel. Alloyed steel or special steel

is corrosion-resistant steel. This kind of steel is widely used in building. Stainless steel is also corrosion-resistant steel. It is used for cutlery, furnace parts, chemical plant equipment, valves, ball-bearings, etc.

Non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals have the following characteristics: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight.

Alumunium. This is the oldest and best known light metal. It is used in aircraft, automobile, chemical and some other industries.

Copper. Copper is the best conductor of electricity. There are different alloys with copper. An alloy of copper and tin is called bronze. This metal is often used for making various ornaments.

Designing of concrete buildings
( 700 печ. зн. )
Buildings of reinforced concrete may be constructed with load-bearing walls or with a skeleton frame. According to the first method, the exterior walls are designed of sufficient strength to carry the loads of the girders, beams, floors and roofs which rest on them. The interior supports may consist also of load-bearing walls or of columns, but this method does not utilize the full potentialities of concrete. By the second method, the floors and roofs rest directly on exterior and interior columns or are carried on beams and girders which, in turn, rest on the columns. The walls and partitions are simple enclosures of brick or reinforced concrete supported by the beams and girders. Most concrete buildings of any size are now designed according to this second or skeleton frame method.
Проектирование бетонных зданий (700 печ. Зн.) Здания железобетона могут быть изготовлены с несущих стен или с скелет рамы. Согласно первому способу, наружные стены предназначены достаточной прочностью, чтобы перевезти грузы ферм, балок, полов и крыш, которые опираются на них. Внутренние опоры могут состоять также из несущих стен или колонн, но этот метод не использует в полной мере возможности бетона. Во втором способе, полы и крыши опираться непосредственно на внешних и внутренних колонн или ведутся балок и балок, которые, в свою очередь, опираются на колонны. Стены и перегородки простые корпуса из кирпича или железобетона, поддерживаемые балок и балок. Большинство бетонных зданий любого размера теперь разработан в соответствии с этим вторым способом, или скелет рамы.

Cement: man’s miracle mix
( 2500 печ. зн. )
One of man’s oldest building materials is finding its way into a lot of new places these days. Concrete, first discovered by the Romans, is now more widely used in construction than all other materials together.

The magic ingredient that makes concrete possible is cement, about which according to one expert more has been learnt in the past three decades than in the preceding 2000 years. Concrete is a synthetic stone which can be formed while soft into practically any shape the builder wants. Portland cement mixed with water is the paste that binds sand, gravel, clinker into an artificial rock that becomes harder as the years pass. Portland cement does not come from a place of that name; it was called Portland because Joseph Aspdin, the English builder who invented the first dependable, scientifically made cement about 1824, thought it resembled the rock excavated on the Isle of Portland on the Dorset Coast.

What’s so new about cement after all these years? Several things. One item is “squeezed” concrete known technically as pre-stressed concrete. By giving concrete a big squeeze after it has hardened, builders can increase its elasticity ten times, so that it will bend under a heavy load without breaking. This is important in building bridges, viaducts and floors of large buildings.

The simplest way to pre-stress concrete is to put steel wires or rods in the concrete when it is poured.

An unusual American use of reinforced concrete is the floating highway bridge across Lake Washington. The depth of the lake made piers too expensive, so engineers built the bridge on hollow concrete pontoons anchored in place by steel cables. It is the longest pontoon bridge structure on Earth.

Until recently the aim of engineers was to make concrete with as few bubbles as possible. Now they have come up with a new concrete that has millions microscopic bubbles per cubic foot. It is made by adding an agent which foams to form the bubbles when the concrete is mixed. This concrete doesn’t crack when freezing. The first “air bubble” roads were built many years ago. They have stood up under winter freezes so well that today this concrete is used for new road construction.

Another discovery is “soil cement”. Several years ago road builders lacking funds found that they could mix cement with soil on the site of the road, wet it and compact it, then cover it with bitumen. The first road they built is still carrying traffic. There are miles of soil-cement secondary roads and streets today. Construction goes so fast that with modern equipment a road builder can complete a mile of soil cement road in one day.

Plastics
( 1300 печ. зн. )
Air, water, sand, salt, coal, petroleum are familiar elements in the everyday life but these form the basic sources of the world’s fastest growing industry – plastics. The last decade has seen the plastic industry to become the fastest growing industry in the world with a total annual production already more than 9 000 000 tons.

From a purely engineering viewpoint the following characteristics of plastics explain their increasing acceptance by industries and consumers alike. These characteristics are usually shared by all plastics, but there are variations between individual materials; light weight; corrosion resistance; electrical and thermal insulation; ease of fabrication; transparency of some materials, etc.

The increasingly successful application of plastics which take advantage of these characteristics have meant that plastic material are now manufacturing materials in their own rights and not substitutes. The high strength to weight ratio of some plastics offers big field in the coming age of space travels and rockets.

The same benefits of light weight coupled with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternatives to traditional building materials. New shapes in building are absorbing the attention of the architects. Plastics offer many of properties for these designs and their application in exotic structures is an example.

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Урок: материалы «Материалы и их свойства»

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1.taking their forms

in the drawing processes

1.taking their forms

in the drawing processes

1.taking their forms

in the drawing processes

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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

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Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Нижегородский радиотехнический колледж»

Конспект занятия по иностранному языку
в группе 1НС-18-1

« Materials and their properties »

преподаватель иностранного языка

Баракова Надежда Алексеевна

г.Нижний Новгород
2019 г.

Пояснительная записка

Данный урок является уроком усвоения нового материала.

Используемыми методами являются частично- поисковый, контроль, репродуктивный, упражнение, самостоятельная работа.

Цели, преследуемые в ходе занятия:

Обучающая – Способствовать обучению лексики по теме «Материалы и их свойства», формированию репродуктивных умений, содействовать активизации лексического материала по данной теме.

Развивающая – развитие интереса к своей специальности, развитие интегрированного труда во время учебных занятий, логического мышления, памяти и внимания.

Так же в ходе занятия прослеживаются межпредметные связи – предметы технического цикла.

Технические средства: компьютер, проектор

После изучения темы студент должен

знать виды металлообработки, лексический минимум по данной теме.

уметь воспринимать и переводить иностранную речь, работать со словарем.

1 Организационный момент – 5 мин

а. постановка целей и задач – 3 мин

б. актуализация знаний (игры «шляпа» и «спиной к доске») – 10 мин

б. введение и отработка новых ЛЕ – аудирование, чтение текста – 10 мин

3. Закрепление. Отработка ЛЕ по теме – 20 мин

Выполнение упражнений к тексту (сопоставление в группах, ответы на вопросы в парах)

5. Подведение итогов урока – 5 мин

б. выставление оценок и объявление домашнего задания

Оснащение урока

Учебно-методическое пособие (раздаточный материал)

Раздаточный материал по новой лексике

Презентация для игры «Спиной к доске»

а)Приветствие и вступительное слово преподавателя ( Greeting ). Объявление темы, цели, плана занятия.

Good morning, students. So, tell me please, who is absent today? Are you ready to work? Today we shall do some interesting work that refers to metal processes. What is it in Russian? But at first we are going to revise the topic “Properties”

б) Актуализация знаний (игры «шляпа» и «спиной к доске»)

Let’s divide into two teams. It’s time to play! Your task is to explain the word to the other team. They get cards if they guessed the word.

Продолжаем с темой «материалы». Давайте поиграем!

Речевая зарядка (Warm-up activity): So, guys, what is gold? What is silver? Is wood a metal? Today we are going to learn something new about metals! Look at the board, please. Here you can find some words.

Ребята, что такое золото? Что такое серебро, Это металлы. Сегодня мы с вами узнает что-то новое о них!

а ) Repeat after me. And then try to translate this word.

Повторите за мной. А сейчас попытайтесь перевести эти слова.

In order to work with metals, you should know what metal processes exist, so we must learn types of them. (Для того, чтобы уметь работать с металлами, вам следует знать, какие виды металлообработки существуют).

б ) Let`s open your ex-books and write down the topic of the lesson. ( откройте тетради и запишите тему )

Good. What metal processes do you know in Russian? ( Какие виды металлообработки вы знаете на русском?) But what is the English for « прокатка » and so on.

Now let’s divide into two teams. What is the name of your team? Who is the captain of your team?

Look at the board. Let`s read these words and try to match English and Russian words. (посмотрите на доску. Давайте вместе прочитаем эти слова. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским).

Rolling формовка листового металла

Sheet metal forming волочение

Now we are going to learn something new! Let’s listen to a text about metalworking.

Сейчас мы с вами узнает что-то новое! Давайте послушаем текст о способах обработки металлов.

Look at the text. What words are the most suitable? Listen! Let’s read this text sentence by sentence, try to translate. (посмотрите на текст. Какие слова подходят больше всего? Читаем по очереди каждое предложение и переводим.)

3.Go on our work with the words. (продолжаем работу с лексикой). Let ’ s start with matching (начнём с сопоставления).

a) Now it’s time to check what you remember! (Время проверить то, что вы помните). Make up sentences based on the text ( составьте предложения по тексту ).

1.taking their forms

in the drawing processes

b ) Answer the questions (ответьте на вопросы). – на экране

Which steps are included in casting?

What is the mould used for?

What types of drawing are there?

What kind of process is forging?

How was forging done in the past?

What does rolling consist of?

What materials can be used in rolling?

What are the advantages of extrusion?

What materials can be used in extrusion?

What kind of process is sheet metal forming?

Guys, what’s the best metalworking process? Work in groups of three. Decide on it. Make a project in groups.

Студенты представляют проект

5. Подведение итогов урока

б) Выставление оценок и объявление домашнего задания

Thank you for your work at the lesson. Your work today was rather good. But some of you were very active. I give you « a five». Other students have made a lot of progress. I put them « a four». You need some more practice with reading and listening.

Your homework is a presentation on your favourite metal process.

Домашнее задание – индивидуально сделать презентацию о понравившемся способе металлообработки

Здесь материалы для занятия по иностранному (английскому) языку в группе 1НС (специальность «Наладчик станков и оборудования в механообработке») по теме «Материалы и их свойства». Занятия, в основном, проходит в игровой форме, так как по итогам проведения занятия предполагается, что студенты научатся применять выученные слова в речи, будут знать их, когда столкнутся с ними в разговоре на иностранном языке, а также при переводе текстов с английского языка на русский,и как раз таки игровая форма обучения позволяет в наилучшей форме выучить слова и фразы.

Номер материала: ДБ-693668

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