To clean the windows to sweep the floor

Урок 32. Household chores. Рассказываем об обязанностях по дому на английском языке

Автор: София Стальская Высшее лингвистическое образование. Опыт работы 5 лет.

Некоторые вещи, которые нас окружают кажутся такими обыденными, что иногда мы о них забываем. Но очень часто, именно такие бытовые мелочи составляют наше ежедневное общение, и не только на родном языке. Потому в этом уроке мы затронем еще одну тему, которая связана с домом.

Слова и выражения по теме (прослушать)

Это, конечно же, обязанности по дому, которые по-английски называются Household chores либо Household duties:

to keep the house – вести домашнее хозяйство

to air the room – проветривать комнату

to clean the windows – чистить окна

to dust the furniture – вытирать пыль с мебели

to go shopping – ходить за покупками

to iron/to do the ironing — гладить

to make the beds – убирать постель

to polish the furniture – натирать мебель до блеска

to prepare a meal/to cook – готовить еду

to help with the cooking – помогать с готовкой

to set the table/to lay the table – накрывать на стол

to sweep the floors – подметать пол

to take the rubbish away/out – выносить мусор

to tidy up — убираться

to vacuum — пылесосить

to wash the clothes/to do the laundry – стирать

to wash the dishes/to do the washing up – мыть посуду

to watch the kids – смотреть за детьми

to water the plants – поливать цветы

Важно! Не забывайте, частичка «to» указывает на неопределенную форму глагола, т. е отвечающую на вопросы «что делать? Что сделать?»: to clean the windows НО I clean the windows regularly.

Рассказывая о домашних обязанностях вы также можете использовать слова, указывающие на то, как часто вы это делаете:

regularly – регулярно

every Sunday, weekend – каждое воскресенье, выходные

once a day/a week/a month – один раз в день/неделю/месяц

twice a day/a week/a month – дважды в день/неделю/месяц

three/four times a day/a week/a month – три/четыре раза в день/неделю/месяц

Употребление слов и выражений по теме в речи

Поскольку такие обязанности выполняются регулярно, используйте Present Simple, чтобы рассказать о том, что вы обычно делаете дома. Не забывайте добавлять окончание «s» к глаголам в третьем лице единственного числа, как в этом примере:

Carol lives with her mother and father and her little brother Tom. Every morning Carol makes her bed and helps her mother with the cooking. She doesn’t like ironing, but she likes to watch her little brother. Every Sunday they all tidy up. Carol sweeps the floors and her father cleans the carpets. Then she dusts the furniture. Her mother usually does the laundry on Sundays. And Tom always waters the plants. In the afternoon they go shopping together. In the evening the set the table and have dinner.

Чтобы запомнить новые слова и повторить Present Simple, выполните упражнения.

Задания к уроку

Задание 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

Задание 2. Соедините части фраз так, чтобы получились правильные выражения:

Ответ 2.

Ответ 3.
1. I don’t like to do the washing up.
2. Nick makes his bed every morning.
3. Can you water the plants, please?
4. I forgot to take the rubbish out.
5. We will go shopping tomorrow.
6. It’s stuffy here, I will open the window to air the room.
7. Alice asked her sister to watch the kids.
8. Jenny sweeps the floors twice a week.

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Some, any ect. and relatives-2. Exercises

1 The lorry crashed into a bus-load of schoolchildren. Six of them were slightly injured.

2 She refuses to use machines. This makes her work more arduous.

3 I met Mary. She asked me to give you this.

4 The women prayed aloud all night. This kept us awake.

5 The river bed is uneven and you may be in shallow water one moment and in deep water the next. This makes it unsafe for non-swimmers.

6 Mary said that there should be a notice up warning people. Mary’s children couldn’t swim.

7 Ann said that there were far too many notices. Ann’s children could swim very well.

8 He paid me £5 for cleaning ten windows. Most of. them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

9 Jack, the goalkeeper, and Tom, one of the backs, were injured in last Saturday’s match. Jack’s injuries were very slight. He is being allowed to play in today’s match. This is a good thing because the team hasn’t got another goalkeeper. (Combine the last three sentences only.)

10 But Tom’s leg is still in bandages. He will have to watch the match from the stand.

11 Mr White didn’t get a seat on his train this morning. This put him in a bad temper, and caused him to be very rude to his junior partner. The junior partner in turn was rude to the chief clerk; and so on all the way down to the office boy.

12 On Monday Tom’s boss suddenly asked for a report on the previous week’s figures. Tom had a hangover. He felt too sick to work fast. (Combine the last two sentences only.)

13 His boss didn’t drink. He saw what was the matter and wasn’t sympathetic.

14 In the afternoon he rang Tom and asked why the report still hadn’t arrived. The report should have been on his desk by 2 o’clock.

15 Tom’s headache was now much worse. He just put the receiver down without answering. This was just as well, as if he ’d said anything he would have been very rude.

16 Fortunately Ann, the typist, came to Tom’s assistance. Ann rather liked Tom.

17 Even so the report took three hours. It should have taken an hour and a half.

18 I went to Munich. I had always wanted to visit Munich.

19 ‘ Hello, Paul,’ said Mr Jones to the headwaiter. The headwaiter’s name was Tom. He said ‘Good evening, sir,’ without any sign of recognition. This disappointed Mr Jones. Mr Jones liked to be recognized by headwaiters. (Omit the first sentence.)

20 And this time he was with Lucy. He was particularly anxious to impress Lucy.

Exercise 5 what and which. F ill the gaps in the following sentences by using either what or which. (When which is used it should be preceded by a comma which the student must insert for himself.)

11 People whose names begin with A always get taken first. is most unfair.

14 I didn’t buy anything because I didn’t see … I wanted.

Exercise 6 whatever, whenever, whoever etc. Fill each of the gaps in the following sentences with one of the following words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever.

3 Ann (looking out of the window): Bill’s van

Tom: It isn’t a van, it’s a station wagon.

7 The lift works perfectly for Tom, but. I use it, the doors stick. (every time)

11 You’re wanted on the phone!

Exercise 7 Relative clauses replaced by infinitives.

Part 1 Replace the clauses in bold type by an infinitive or infinitive phrase.

I have books that I must read.I have books to read.

A peg on which I can hang my coat. A peg to hang my coat on.

A form that you must fill in. A form for you to fill in.

1 We had a river in which we could swim.

2 The child is lonely; he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.

3 I don’t much care for cooking for myself; if I had a family that I had to cook for I’d be more interested.

4 Here are some accounts that you must check.

5 I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.

6 I have some letters that I must write.

7 I don’t want to go alone and I haven’t anyone that I can go with.

8 I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.

9 We had to eat standing up because we hadn’t anything that we could sit on, and the grass was too wet.

10 The floor is dusty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.

11 My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.

12 She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.

Part 2 Replace the clauses in bold type by infinitives.

He was the first man who reached the top.

He was the first man to reach the top.

13 He was the first man who left the burning building.

14 You are the last person who saw her alive.

15 My brother was the only one who realized the danger.

16 The pilot was the only man who survived the crash.

17 He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.

18 The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde.

19 The last person who leaves the room must turn out the lights.

20 I was the only person who saw the difficulty.

21 He was the second man who was killed in this way.

22 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.

23 Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament.

24 The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

Exercise 4 1 a bus-load of children, six of whom were 2 refuses to use machines, which makes 3 I met Mary, who asked 4 prayed aloud all night, which kept 5 and in deep water the next, which makes it unsafe 6 Mary, whose children couldn’t swim, said 7 Ann, whose children could swim well, said 8 cleaning ten windows, most of which 9 Jack, whose injuries were very slight, is being allowed to play, which is a good thing 10 Tom, whose leg is still in bandages, will have to 11 didn’t get a seat, which put him in a temper and caused him to be rude to his junior partner, who in turn 12 Tom, who had a hangover, felt 13 His boss, who didn’t drink, saw 14 The report, which should have been on his desk by 2.00, still hadn’t arrived.15 Tom, whose headache was now much worse, put down the receiver without answering, which 16 Ann, who liked Tom, came 17 the report, which should have taken an hour and a half, took 18 to Munich, which 19 The headwaiter, whose name was Tom, said recognition, which disappointed Mr Jones, who liked 20 with Lucy, whom he was particularly anxious to

Exercise 5 1 what, which 2 which 3 what, what 4 which 5 which 6 what, which 7 which 8 what 9 which 10 which 11 which 12 which 13 what 14 what 15 which 16 which, what 17 which 18 what 19 what 20 which 21 which 22 what 23 which 24 which 25 which 26 which 27 what 28 which 29 what, which 30 which, which 31 which 32 which 33 what, which 34 which 35 what 36 what

Exercise 6 1 whatever 2 wherever 3 whatever 4 wherever. 5 whichever 6 whoever 7 whenever 8 however 9 whoever. 10 whichever 11 whoever 12 however 13 whatever 14 however 15 whenever 16 whoever 17 whoever 18 however 19 whatever 20 whenever 21 whoever 22 whichever, whoever 23 whatever, whichever 24 whoever

Exercise 7 Part I 1 a river to swim in 2 someone to play with 3 a family to cook for 4 accounts for you to check 5 anything to open it with 6 letters to write 7 anyone to go with 8 a garden for him to play in 9 anything to sit on 10 a brush to sweep it with 11 a box to keep them in 12 anyone to send cards to

Part 2 13 the first man to leave 14 the last person to see 15 the only one to realize 16 the only man to survive 17 the first to come and the last to go 18 the largest ship to be built 19 the last person to leave 20 the only person to see 21 the second man to be killed 22 the first man to walk on 23 the first woman to take 24 the fifth man to be interviewed

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Упражнение 4. Опишите, что вы или ваши члены семьи собираетесь делать в следующий выходной день.

Упражнение 6. Образуйте четыре типа вопросительных предло­жений:

Образец: The boy is crying.

— Is the boy crying or laughing?

— The boy is crying, isn’t he?

1. The children are reading an interesting book. 2. The bus is going to Brest. 3. We were waiting for our friends. 4. Pete was hurrying to the theatre. 5. You will be work­ing at the report. 6. We shall be watching football match on Saturday night. 7. My son will be learning the poem in the evening.

Упражнение 7. Поставьте вопросы и ответьте на них по образ­цу. Выразите действие как длительное:

1. Go home. 2. Eat the soup. 3. Do your homework. 4. Learn the rule. 5. Speak English. 6. Lay the table. 7. Press your clothes. 8. Spell the word. 9. Open the book. 10. Read the text.

Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную видо-временную форму глагола:

Упражнение 9. Ответьте на вопросы о планируемых действиях. Используйте Present Continuous для обозначения запланированных действий в будущем.

Образец: What are you doing tonight? I’m going to the cinema.

А) 1. What time is your mother arriving home tomorrow? 2. Are you meeting her at the station or at the bus stop? 3. Is your brother getting married next month? 4. What time are you leaving home tomorrow? 5. Are you going to the dentist on Monday or on Tuesday? 6. Are you having dinner at home or at your friend’s tomorrow?

B) 1. Are you going to see a film on television tonight? 2. Are you going to clean the windows in your room? 3. Is it going to rain now? 4. Who are you going to invite to your birthday party? 5. Is your father going to give up smoking? 6. What are you going to cook for dinner today?

Упражнение 10. Поставьте глаголы в правильную видовременную форму Indefinite или Continuous:

Упражнение 11. Переведите на английский язык, употребляйте правильные времена глаголов:

Времена группы Perfect

The Present Perfect Tense

Употребление

1. Для выражения действия, завершившегося к моменту речи. Время действия не указывается, важен сам факт совершения действия к настоящему моменту или его результат.

She has read this book. Она прочитала эту книгу. (Действие завершено к моменту речи.)

The mail has just come. Почта только что пришла.
He has seen many films lately. В последнее время он посмотрел много фильмов.

I have written a letter this morning. Я написал письмо сегодня утром.

3. Для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени.

I have known him all my life. Я знаю его всю жизнь.
I have known him for 2 years. Я знаю его 2 года.
He has not seen his parents since January. Он не видел своих родителей с января.

She has never been to London. Она никогда не была в Лондоне.
Have you ever been to Moscow? Вы когда-нибудь были в Москве?

Образование

Present Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have в Present Indefinite и Participle II (Причастия II) смыслового глагола.

I have = I’ve
He has = He’s
I have not = I haven’t
He has not = He hasn’t

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Напишите три формы неправильных глаголов:

to be, to become, to begin, to blow, to break, to bring, to buy, to come, to catch, to choose, to do, to drink, to drive, to eat, to fall, to feel, to forget, to give, to go, to grow, to hear, to keep, to know, to leave, to lose, to make, to meet, to pay, to read, to rise, to run, to see, to send, to show, to sit, to sleep, to stand, to strike, to take, to teach, to think, to wake, to win, to write.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте вопросы и дайте краткие ответы:

Образец:— Have you brought my book?

— Yes, I have, (No, I haven’t.)

— Has he brought your book?

— Yes, he has. (No, he hasn’t (yet).)

1. Have you seen the new film? 2. Have you read my letter? 3. Have you passed your English exam? 4. Has he phoned her today? 5. Has she sent them a telegram? 6. Has the weather been rainy the whole month? 7. Have they read the novel in the original? 8. Have they moved in? 9. Have you had your lunch yet? 10. Has he completed his course yet? 11. Have you ever been to London? 12. Have you ever been to the Hermitage? 13. Has your father had his holiday this year? 14. Has the train left?

B. Дайте полные ответы на вопросы:

1. How long have you worked here? 2. How long has he known her? 3. Since when has she lived in St. Petersburg? 4. What novels have you read this year? 5. What transport have you used today? 6. How long have you been a student? 7. What newspapers have you looked through? 8. What literature have you used for your report? 9. What wrong has he done to you? 10. What birthday present has he given you? 11. How long have they been married? 12. Since what time has the film been on? 13. Since what time haven’t you heard from your sister? 14. Since what age have you been able to walk?

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя предлоги for, since:

Упражнение 4. Поставьте наречия на свое место:

1. (ever) Have you travelled? 2. (always) She has been a bright student. 3. (never) We have seen a flying saucer. 4. (just) They have had a walk in the park. 5. (yet) Have you finished your homework? 6. (always) I have wanted to meet your parents. 7. (yet) She hasn’t sent a telegram. 8. (lately) Have you heard from Mary? 9. (long) He has studied the subject. 10. (ever) Has your sister had any troubles with her son?

Упражнение 5. Составьте рассказ “Mary’s day off” в Present Perfect, употребляя данные словосочетания. Начните рассказ с предложения:Mary has had a day off today.

to clean the windows, to sweep the floor, to dust the furniture, to water the flowers, to wash up the dishes, to go shopping, to buy some food, to pick up the linen from the laundry, to iron clothes, to sew some buttons on the kids’ jackets, to cook dinner, to bake a cake, to make coffee, to take the dog for a walk, to meet the children from school, to have a busy day.

(- to finish the story say if Marry has had a good rest on her day off)

Упражнение 6. Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя Present Perfect. В ответах используйте фразы, данные внизу:

1. Why is your father so angry? 2. Why is she tired? 3. Why do you look so unhappy? 4. Why are the students laughing? 5. Why is Susan crying? 6. Why is she staying in bed? 7. Why does he stay home? 8. Why is Peter late? 9. Why aren’t you singing? 10. Why is she so sad? 11. Why is he dead?

to put on his best tie, to have a lot of work, to fail at the exam, to hear a joke, to lose one’s money, to fall, to break his leg, to oversleep, to lose one’s voice, to hear bad news, to take poison.

Упражнение 7. Составьте предложения в Present Perfect, как показано в примере:

Образец: I amvery tired (to work). — I have worked hard.

1. She can speak English (to learn). 2. He can share his impressions about the film (to see). 3. I know the contents of the letter (to read). 4. I like her husband (to meet). 5. They may come to the party (to return). 6. Ann isn’t here (to leave). 7. I am going to wear a new blouse tonight (to buy). 8. She blows the truth (to tell). 9. They can tell us a lot about London (to visit). 10. I know how to get there (to be). 11. She looks fresh (to have a rest). 12. I have no money (to spend). 13. Sue is looking for her gloves (to lose). 14. Bill can’t play football (to break).

Упражнение 8. Используйте Present Perfect или Present Indefinite:

1. Helen (to be) sick since last week. She (to miss) her grammar test. 2. He (to read) a lot and (to know) a lot. 3. Bob’s parents usually (to stay) in the country the whole summer. 4. We (to stay) here for a month, and it (to rain) almost every day. 5. You (to be) at home in the evenings? 6. I (to be) here ever since morning. 7. He (to receive) letters from her every week. 8. He (not to receive) letters from her since last year. 9. Is it the first time he (to see) a tiger? 10. That’s the third time I (to phone) her today. 11. How long you (to know) each other? 12. I hardly (to hear) anything from her since that time. 13. It long (to be) my dream to visit Canada. 14. She (to dream) of becoming an actress. 15. Normally I (to have) breakfast at 8 in the morning. 16. I (to have) just my breakfast.

Упражнение 9. Переведите первую часть предложения, используя данные обстоятельства времени. Используйте Present Indefinite или Present Perfect:

Упражнение 10. Заполните пропуски соответствующими словами и выражениями по правилам Present Perfect или Past Simple:

long ago, for a long time, last time, in the last few years, lately, late in spring, this year, last year, just, just now, for three years, three years ago.

Упражнение 11. Используйте Past Indefinite or Present Perfect:

Упражнение 12. Переведите на английский язык, используя Present Perfect или Past Indefinite:

Упражнение 13. Поставьте правильную форму глагола:

Dan just (to meet) Tim who (to return) from the USA a few days ago. They (to have) a cup of coffee and (to discuss) Tim’s problems. Tim (to be) unemployed now. He (to lose) his job three years ago. He (to go) to the USA because he (to hope) to find some job there. He (to be) a dentist and he (to discover) that his qualification (not to be) enough to start his own practice there. So he (to be) out of work for three years now. He (to turn) to a number of employment agencies but he (to be) unsuccessful so far. Dan (to ask), «You (to expect) to find a job easily? I’m afraid it (not to be) so easy. The economic situation in the country (to change) for the worse this year and many companies (to close up). I (to advise) you to consider some other opportunities.» «What you (to mean)?» «Take any job you (to find), no matter how little they (to pay).» «I (to think) about it but I (to spend) all my savings and I (not to know) what tomorrow (to have) in store for me.» «All right. If you (not to find) anything else in the near future, I (to think) my father (to offer) you a job in his office.» «I (to appreciate) it.»

Упражнение 14. Напишите письмо. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму:

it (to be) long since I (to write) a letter to you. At last I (to be) in London. The weather (to be) nasty. It (to rain) all day today. I (to think) it always (to rain) on Sundays in London. Anyway, it (to rain) every weekend since I (to come) to Britain three months ago. I (to get) used to it, but I (to find) it rather dull. But I (to enjoy) my stay here as I (to make) a lot of friends here who (to come) from different countries. Some of them (to stay) here for a few years and (to speak) English quite well. I (to introduce) you to them when you (to come) here. All this time I (to try) hard to master my English and I (to think) I (to make) some progress. I (not to be able) to find the job I (to look for). I (to be) to quite a number of cities but so far I (not to find) anything suitable. My friend Peter who (to be) German and (to come) here a year ago (to find) at last a job at a German-British company. He (to promise) to help me because he (to know) that I (to learn) German for three years. I (to hope) to hear from you soon.

The Past Perfect Tense

Употребление

Past Perfect обозначает действие, законченное до определённого момента в прошлом или до начала другого действия в прошлом.

They went home after they had finished their work. Они пошли домой после того, как закончили работу.

Образование

Past Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have в Past Indefinite и Participle II (Причастие II) смыслового глагола.

I had = I’d
I had not = I hadn’t

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Соедините предложения, используя Past Perfect и союзы after, before, when, by the time, until:

Образец:The librarian came back. Peter looked through the magazine.

— When (by the time) the librarian came back Peter had looked through the magazine.

1. My friend called on me. I had my breakfast. 2. We went out into the street. The rain stopped. 3. The students reached the camp. The sun set. 4. My father left for the airport. We bought the tickets. 5. Nelly arrived. I baked the cake. 6. I came to her place. She translated the texts. 7. She got home. The table was laid. 8. We got there. She left. 9. He went home. He finished work. 10. John came home. The family had supper. 11. They got married. Her parents gave their consent. 12. We did not disturb him. He finished writing his report. 13. Mother switched off the TV. The film was over. 14. I didn’t answer his letter. I received another letter from him. 15. I turned on the light. It got dark. 16. The boat sailed. The lava hit the town. 17. The rescue team took the child out. The house collapsed. 18. The police came. The robber didn’t leave the bank.

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, используя Past Perfect:

Образец 1: I was tired (to work). — I was tired after I had worked the whole day.

1. They started discussing their plan (to come). 2. He helped his mother about the house (to finish). 3. He invited his friends to the party (to win). 4. Her coat was wet (to walk). 5.He understood the meaning of the telegram (to read). 6. She tore up the letter (to read). 7. They settled the quarrel (to talk). 8. She was very upset (to fail).

Образец 2: I was tired (to work). — I was tired because I had worked the whole day.

1. She could speak Spanish fluently (to live). 2. He rang me up (to ask). 3. The cake was too sweet (to put). 4. She was crying (to lose). 5. They didn’t meet (to leave). 6. I didn’t want to go to the cinema (to see). 7. I couldn’t get into my flat (to lose). 8. I didn’t know their address (to move).

Упражнение 3. Продолжите данное утверждение, используя Past Perfect:

Образец: I saw him yesterday (since last month).

− I saw him yesterday. I hadn’ t seen him since last month.

1. I bought some wonderful things yesterday (for a long time). 2. We went to the Tretyakov Art Gallery last week (since it was closed for repairs). 3. Mike came to see us a few days ago (since we finished school). 4. He told us such a funny story that we roared with laughter (since childhood). 5. There was an interesting film on at our local cinema last week (for many months). 6. They returned on Monday (for a month). 7. My parents went for a holiday (for a long time). 8. I met John Parker last night (for many years).

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